perm filename TEXTAP.1[SMC,TEX] blob
sn#781612 filedate 1984-12-29 generic text, type C, neo UTF8
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C00002 00002 There are three handouts. The first handout gives standard proofreading
C00011 ENDMK
Cā;
There are three handouts. The first handout gives standard proofreading
symbols. Using these symbols will allow others to understand editing
notes. The other two handouts are titled Intro1.tex and Intro1.dvi
Intro1.tex is the actual code for a tex file , and Intro1.dvi is the
actual output which results from Intro1.tex.
We will go over Intro.tex one line at a time and compare what is
actually typed in and what results from running the file through tex. The
first line is
\centerline{\bf My trip to Stanford} .
\centerline tells tex to take whatever lies in braces and center
it on one line. So "My trip to Stanford" will occur on one line. \bf
tells tex to put the text within the braces in bold-face type. If you
left out the \bf, the text would occur in normal roman type.
Something interesting happens if the braces are left out. Tex
takes the very next thing after \centerline and centers that. In this case
without the braces tex would take the letter M , center that, and begin a
new paragraph with "y trip to Stanford". \bf is a tex command and does
not take up any room in the line being centered.
The placement of braces is very important. If we include the
opening brace but delete the closing brace tex won't know how much text
you want centered and will keep going until it finds a closed brace. If
tex reaches a blank line before a closing brace it will probably give you
an error message. If you give tex too long a line to center, tex will
center it any way and the line may extend off the page in both directions.
If you want a long centered title for instance, you must break the
title yourself, keeping in mind both sense and balance. Sense means that
you shouldn't break a line after a preposition, for instance. Balance
means that you don't don't want to end up with one very long line and
another very short line. Since tex cannot make these judgements, the
breaking of a long title must be done manually.
The next line is \vskip12pt this will cause tex to leave 12pts of
extra space before the next line. 12 pts is approximately equal to one
line of normal text. This can be done in the current version of tex by
specifying \bigskip. The difference between these two is that
\bigskip12pt will cause tex to leave EXACTLY 12 pts of space where bigskip
will leave aproximately 12 pts but may shrink or expand this slightly. Tex
stretches or shrinks the space between lines in order to prevent widowed
or orphaned lines (where one line of a paragraph appears on one page and
the rest of it occurs on another.)
The next line says
\rightline{Arthur Keller}
This puts the text in braces flush with the right-hand border of
the text. Then there is another \vskip12pt for another extra line of
space. The v in vskip stands for vertical, and and there is a
corresponding hskip for extra horizontal space.
Next there begins a large section of text. Some of the text
appears in braces with \it preceeding it. \it is the tex command for
italics. Once again the braces tell tex how much text is to be italicized.
If no braces are used, the rest of the document will be italicized. If
your document is being set in normal roman type, then \it A,B,C,D\rm will
have the same effect as {\it A,B,C,D}. \it is usually preferable however
as it causes tex to return to whatever typestyle was being used before the
occurance of the italics, even if it were something other than roman type.
We have now seen two uses for braces. One use is in delimiting the
amount of text to be operated on by a macro such as \rightline. It
delimits the arguement. The second use of braces is for delimiting the
extent of a state changing macro. {\it changes the state to italics, and }
changes the state back. \rightline{...} tells tex to take the arguement
... and put it flush right. In \centerlin{\bf My trip...} the braces are
doing double duty. When ever in doubt however, using extra braces
generally won't hurt.
There is another use of braces in which they serve to separate two
thngs without taking up any space in the line. If for example we want to
use the word shelflife but we don't want a ligature between the first f and
the second l we can write shelf{}life. By the time tex gets to the l in
life, it has forgotten all about the f it has just seen and no ligature will
occur.
The things following \% are comments and won't appear in the output.
A blank line starts a new paragraph.
\' will give a forward accent over the next character and \` will give a
backwords accent over the next character, so \'e gives \'e
%????? check to be sure these end up correct.
There are also four different kinds of horizontal bars to put in the
middle of things. One kind is the hyphen found in compound words such as
"right-justified", you do that by using the ordinary hyphen on the keyboard.
Now suppose yu want to say "Chapters 2--4". This is not a hyphen but an
en-dash which is gotten by typing -{}- on the keyboard and is used for
ranges. We also don't want tex to break a line in between "Chapter" and
"2--4" To prevent this we use a tilda ~ to tell tex not to break there
"Chapter~2--4"